Can Probiotics Reduce Inflammation?

Probiotics offer a drug-free way to treat inflammatory, autoimmune, and psychological disorders.

“Inflammation is the cornerstone of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis - all of the neurodegenerative diseases are really predicated on inflammation.” —David Perlmutter

The immune system is an extraordinary collection of cells designed to fight the disease-causing pathogens that relentlessly stalk us.

The world is lousy with pathogens, from viruses to bacteria and parasites. They see humans as a tasty morsel. Our skin is tough and repels them easily until we get a cut. Then a world of microbes swarm in, leading to the familiar swelling, pain, and redness of an infection. That is a clear sign that your immune system is fighting the intruders. The dead combatants from both sides pile up, creating pus, a visible residue of the sacrifices made by the immune system.

Today, with the magic of antibiotics, we can just dab some ointment on the wound and help our immune system coast to a win.

The gut

Skin is great for the outside, but inside our intestines, the story is different. Our gut is lined with a ridiculously delicate layer of cells constantly battered by the pathogens that hitch a ride with each bite of food. Unlike our skin, gut tissue must be thin enough to let nutrients in while still keeping bacteria out. It’s a tricky job.

Most of the heavy lifting here is done by mucus, which coats the entire intestine from stem to stern. Mucus provides a physical barrier against pathogens but also offers a sugary buffet for our own home-grown probiotics. Lest they eat all your mucus, you would be wise to feed them their preferred food, fiber.

Probiotic microbes get a free pass from our immune system, which underwent training to tolerate them when we were babies. If that initial training went awry, the rest of your life could be consumed with IBS, IBD, or various autoimmune diseases.

The danger of infection is far higher in the gut than on the skin, and that’s why some 80% of our immune system is concentrated around our digestive system. While our skin has a smattering of microbes called a microbiome, the gut microbiome dwarfs it; our gut is an impressive fermentation vat that can’t operate properly without a significant load of microbes. We have as many microbes down there as we have cells in our body. If our gut lining springs a leak, we can’t apply antibiotics without also killing the probiotics.

The danger of a leaky gut is not minor: once in our blood, toxins and microbes get pumped to every organ and tissue in our body. That kicks our immune system into high gear, leading to systemic inflammation. Over time, this can lead to chronic diseases including diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, obesity, dementia, Parkinson’s, and cancer. These are the greatest hits of the disease world.

Fighting a leaky gut is a major benefit of probiotics, which produce an oily balm called butyrate. This simple but powerful secretion both nourishes and heals your gut lining. Butyrate can travel straight to the brain where is also encourages the growth of new nerve cells. In so doing, it can improve your mood and even help with depression and anxiety. This is the so-called gut-brain axis, and it offers a powerful paradigm for a less drug-intensive psychiatry.

Bodyguards

Probiotics work on several levels, starting as bacterial bodyguards.

Probiotics like Lactobacillus will run circles around most pathogens, crowding them out and starving them. They aren’t above outright poisoning, producing deadly substances called bacteriocins.

Most of today’s probiotics are not native to humans, unless your gut looks like a yogurt maker. They are unlikely to colonize the gut. The truth is, most supplemental probiotics are just passing through. But on their voyage, they do helpful things like raising acid levels and making life uncomfortable for pathogens.

This is good news for probiotic manufacturers, as you need to take these supplements continuously to be useful. There are some improvements on this front, as with the recent marketing of Akkermansia, which is difficult to manufacture, but purportedly a helpful natural gut denizen. Still, most probiotics are byproducts of the yogurt business and work their magic on the fly.

There was a time when your gut looked more like a yogurt maker: when you were a milk-fed baby. Your immune system learned to give a pass to those milky microbes, and that is another reason probiotics work: they tell your immune system to chill.

When your immune system spots probiotics, it triggers the release of anti-inflammatory chemicals and boosts the activity of regulatory T cells that tell inflammatory T cells to stand down.

After weaning, we start to lose those early microbes, and it is generally downhill from there. That’s why reintroducing milk-based probiotics like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria can keep you in a more youthful groove.

Probiotics are antioxidants as well, turning down the fires of oxidative stress, a potent driver of chronic inflammation.

Caveats

Probiotics may not be for everybody. If you have a flare-up of IBS or IBD, wait until it dies down before taking supplements. These disturbances can be a sign of an actively leaking gut, and no matter how good a probiotic is in the intestines, it is a pathogen in the blood.

There have also been reports of small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) from probiotics, so pay attention to your health and keep notes.

Before you take probiotic supplements, try the natural versions: ferments like yogurt, kimchi, kefir, kombucha, and sauerkraut. These are time-tested foods that help to balance your microbiome and keep your immune system on an even keel. Start small: these ferments are potent.

The goal here is to extend your healthspan. The deadliest diseases on the planet all spring from the gut, so this is your chance to take care of them at the source.

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References

Bangotra, Ridhika, Bisma Habib, Mohd. Younis, et al. “Therapeutic Potential and Functional Mechanisms of Probiotics as Prospective Anti-Inflammatory Agents.” Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, ahead of print, December 26, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12602-025-10889-5.

Nayak, Anushka, Suranjana Bera, Samprikta Purohit, and Chakresh Kumar Jain. “Gut Microbiota Mediated Neuroinflammation in Psychiatric Disorders: Current Perspectives and Challenges.” Behavioural Brain Research 501 (March 2026): 116019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2025.116019.

Mahooti, Mehran, Elahe Abdolalipour, Samira Sanami, and Davood Zare. “Inflammatory Modulation Effects of Probiotics: A Safe and Promising Modulator for Cancer Prevention.” Current Microbiology 81, no. 11 (2024): 372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-024-03901-8.

Personal note

Psychobiotics are fascinating and are starting to help millions of people. That’s why I wrote The Psychobiotic Revolution, from National Geographic. But how do you stay on top of it? The science comes in thick and fast, and it takes an insomniac researcher to decode it. I do that so you don’t have to.

In my day job as a scientist, I formulate probiotics and prebiotics. I consult with companies big and small about how they can use biotics to boost performance, mood, and overall health. Recently I formulated a prebiotic/psychobiotic blend for Scanderson Labs. Take a look and tell me what you think!